Turnbull, George · p. 23-24
But the greatest fault with which this painterZeuxis. is charged, is his not having painted manners. Tho’ Pliny mentions a Penelope by Zeuxis, in which heMores pinxisse videtur. Ibidem. seemed to have expressed her modest, soft character and manners; and some other pieces that do not deserve that censure: yet Aristotle and others have remarked that defect in this renowned colouristPlurimorum juniorum tragoediae sunt sine moribus, et multi prorsus poetae sunt tales : ita quoque inter pictores Zeuxis se habet ad Polygnotum. Polygnotus enim est bonus morum pictor, at Zeuxidis pictura nullos habet mores. Arist. Poet. c. 6..
Now the same fault is found with Titian, and with all the painters in general of the Venetian School, who so eminently excelled in colouring. And thus it hath been observed in ancient times as well as modern, that as the best colourists have failed in that other most essential part of painting; so, on the other hand, those who excelled in correct design and just expression, were defective in colouring: so limited is human perfection, or so extremely difficult it is to excel in many things, as an excellent ancient author observes on this subjectDiodorus Siculus, lib. 26, makes this observation, Fieri nequit ut Natura mortalis, etiamsi scopum sibi propositum assequatur, comprehensionem omnium sine ulla reprehensione obtineat. Neque enim Phidias, in magna habitus admiratione ob simulacrorum eburneorum fabricationem ; neque Praxiteles qui lapideis operibus eximie admiscuit affectiones animi ; neque Apelles aut Parrhasius, artem pictoriam experienter temperatis coloribus ad summum fastigium provehentes, tantam in suis operibus experti sunt felicitatem, ut peritiae suae effectum prorsus irreprehensibilem exhiberent. Cum enim homines essent, ac primas obtinerent in iis quae sibi agenda susceperant, nihilominus tamen propter imbecillitatem humanam in multis a proposito sibi scopo aberrarunt..
Of the Dispute about colouring, design, and expression, to which the preference is due.
It is however entirely a modern dispute wich of these parts is the most excellent. From what is said of Zeuxis, on account of his not having studied expression enough, by that excellent critick of all the polite arts, the Stagyrite (at the same time that his sweet, harmonious, enchanting colouring is so exceedingly praised) and from a conversation of Socrates with the best artists of his time (in which he shews that the representation of manners is the principal beauty of the imitative arts) we may learn that the best judges in ancient times were not at a stand what to think when the soul was not expressed by a picture, however fine the flesh and blood might be. The could not but admire the art which was able to go so far as to give the most plausible appearance of real life, a very fine carnation (as the painters call it) to a figure; but at the same time they regretted that the same admirable skill and dexterity had not the other talent, of exhibiting manners and the qualities of the mind, joined with it; in order to make the art not merely wonderful and pleasing to the sight, but instructive too in morals, by which means it might have become as useful as it was agreeable. And what indeed are fine proportion and regular features in real life, if a soul is wanting; or if there is neither sense nor meaning in the countenance and gait, no spirit, no vivacity, nothing that bespeaks intelligence, nor any one quality of the mind; or, in a word, if no manners are expressed? Does not an idiot-look destroy the effect of all the outward charms of shape, colour, and stature; and rob the fair-one of all her power to touch our hearts, though formed in all the exactness of features, and with all the beauty of the finest complexion? We may judge what it is that strikes and enchants, by the praises that are extorted so soon as we are touched. For if it is not some particular outward expression in the turn of features, or in the air and mien, of something that dwells within; if it be not this which charms, why is it that we naturally and immediately cry out, what a spreightly look! What a graceful mien! What a majestick air! What a soft gentle look! How much goodness and sweetness! What affability, what humanity, what freedom of mind, or what sagacity and judgment! And must it not then be the same in an art which imitates life? Can there be beauty in the finest unmeaning portrait, since there is nonce in such a real face? Or is it possible that the famous Helen of ZeuxisZeuxis pictor in magna erat admiratione apud Crotoniatas. Huic Helenam pingenti, miserunt pulcherrimas quas penes se habebant Virgines, ut eas inspiceret nudas : ex multis itaque partibus, pulcherrimum quodque in animo comprehendens ars, construxit opus perfectae pulchritudinis Ideam repraesentans. Dion Halic. So Cicero de Inventione. Valerius Maximus tells us, Cum pinxisset Helenam, quid de eo opere homines censuri essent, expectandum non putavit, sed protinus hoc versus adjectit ex Iliad 3. vers. 156. could have been esteemed the most perfect model of female beauty, if it expressed none of the feminine affections and graces, but had an insipid, senseless countenance and air? How very unvaluable must a picture of Penelope have been, if it did not represent her as Homer has done, in comparison of one that did?
Swift from above descends the royal fair;
Her beauteous cheeks the blush of Venus wear
Chasten’d with coy Dianas’s pensive air. Odys. B. 17.
Some criticks, being aware of this, have endeavoured to reconcile what Aristole says of Zeuxis, with the praises given to him by others: Pliny in particular, by means of that division of affections very generally received amongst philosophers, into soft and rough, smooth and boisterousSee this division explained at large, Quint. Inst. l. 10. c. 2.. And it has indeed been remarked at all times, that some painters have excelled in representing the one kind, and some in expressing the other. But this distinction between passions, tho’ Pliny himself uses it afterwards in his character of Aristides, is not sufficient to reconcile what he says of Zeuxis, with the accounts of their perfections or imperfections. For, according to Pliny, he had not only painted the manners of Penelope, that is to say, the soft, tender, modest virtues that make her character in the Odyssey; but likewise other subjects in which he had expressed the violent passions; as for example, Hercules yet an infant strangling the serpents before his trembling mother. But Aristotle expressly says, on the other hand, that there are no manners in his pictures.
Zeuxis and Titian excell’d in colouring, but not in expressing manners When therefore all the accounts that are given us of Zeuxis are compared together, what is said by Aristotle, with respect to the want of manners in his pictures, must be understood in the same way as the like charge against Titian or the Venetian School in general, that is, in a comparative sense, or in respect of other masters who chiefly studied expression, and eminently excelled in it; as the best masters of the Roman and Florentine School among the moderns: and, amongst the Ancient, Apelles, Aristides, Timanthes, and others. It seems manifest that Zeuxis, like Titian, far excelled all in colouring, but was like him also inferior to many in expression.
But whatever may be determined with regard to this censure of Zeuxis, it was, in the opinion of the Ancients, but the lowest attainment of a painter, to be able to give the truest appearance of flesh and blood, or a fine natural colouring to bodies, however rare and difficult a talent that may be: correctness of design, and truth of expression, are, according to them, the chief excellencies; for the sake of which, defects in colouring will be easily forgiven and over-looked by the most understanding; that is, by those who seek from pictures not merely gratification or pleasure to the sense, but employment and entertainment to their understanding, and agreeable wholesome exercise to their affections: in order to gain which ends of painting, pictures must be animated by minds; the must have souls; characters and manners must be painted.